Archive for the ‘ Environment ’ Category

Italian Villages Fly on the Winds of Change

In Italy, a country more known for it’s garbage than it’s environmental citizenship; a place with electricity rates 3x higher than those in America; a nation repeatedly chastised by the European Union for failing to meet it’s mandated emissions-reduction target or it’s commitment to obtain 17% of it’s energy from renewable resources – a green revolution is occurring in villages sprawled across the Iberian Peninsula.

PhotobucketIn northern Alpine counties, the focus is on hydroelectric power and agricultural waste burning. In the scorching south of the country, the focus is on solar power. In the poorer central mountainous regions, the focus is wind… and these small shifting economic projects are changing the fundamentals of renewable energy restructuring from pre-planned national projects to municipality-based initiatives.

With sky-high electricity rates and renewable energy sources becoming more aesthetically pleasing, cheaper, and efficient, small towns across Europe, and not just Italy are diving headfirst into green energy production strategies. Over 800 different communities throughout Italy are not only producing more energy than they consume, via green power plants, but, they are also able to sell their surplus energy back to the grid. This very lucrative enterprise is thanks to feed-in-tariffs that are all the rage across the EU these days. A feed-in-tariff is a government guarantee to buy renewable energy at a handsomely set price from any company, city, or household that produces it. A private entrepreneur could even go into business selling the energy from any green method. This, on top of constantly fluctuating and expensive fossil fuels cost has started a revolution in small communities throughout Europe.

Why has this green revolution not occurred in the Americas on such a scale? There are a few basic causes, fossil fuel-based energy is relatively cheap in the United States. Why rock the boat? Furthermore, government policy has favored setting much lower minimum standards for the percentage of energy produced from renewable sources rather than the EU’s direct incentive tariffs. Imagine if America offered a plan like our personal stimulus plan a few years back for installing solar panels on our rooftops?

Though, Italy still has much catching up to do, the scramble for establishing micro-scale renewable energy plans is spreading throughout Europe. Will America catch up or will we be left in the dust left by the winds of change?

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Masdar, the City in the Sky

Masdar City - Aerial ViewAbu Dhabi, U.A.E. – The twin gems of the Middle East, Dubai and Abu Dhabi, where money can buy and more importantly, build anything, a city is being built in the sky. Back in 2007, the government announced the “World’s first zero-carbon city” on Abu Dhabi’s outskirts. This announcement was immediately defamed by the West as a case of “Keeping up with the Jones(Dubai).” Regardless, 20 miles from the city’s center, this green dream is becoming a reality.

Designed by a firm of architectural techno-wizards, Foster & Partners, a raised city in the desert is taking form. Blending the new and the old, the Firm has taken state-of-the-art technology and blended it with ancient desert building practices inspired by the ancient citadel of Aleppo, Syria and the mud-brick apartments of Shibam, Yemen. This partnership has achieved remarkable sustainability, energy-efficiency, and traditional style, allowing for a seamless weaving together of modernization and deep founded standards.

Photobucket Many of these practices, such as elevating the city to make use of high desert breezes for cooling, help reduce the city’s electric costs by half. 90% of the city’s power will be solar with the other 10% being produced by the burning of waste.

Not only is the city self-sustaining, but, it aims to be a marvel of aesthetic beauty. For urban designers, the largest problem has always been the automobile. In response to this, Foster has closed off the city from combustion-engine vehicles and buried below it’s streets a well-articulated network of public electric transit cars. He doesn’t stop there, however. All the city’s heavy-duty utilities, such as it’s water treatment and 54-acre solar plant will be placed outside it’s walls. Every detail of the city – the domiciles, labs, and plazas – has been made to maximize efficiency and beauty.

Critics of the city have said that it promotes the gated-community feel that has spread across the world with increasing globalization. The designers maintain that in order for a project like this to work, they must cut it off from the grid.

PhotobucketWhat are the social impacts of this? Is it possible for us to do this in America? Green energy is clean, cost-effective in the long-term, and renewable. There are communities scattered across the nation that are self-sustaining. What would it take for the Nation as a whole to begin transitioning to this sort of building?

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Definition of Deforestation: What is Deforestation? (Part 1)

Many of us think of deforestation as logging and the cutting down of some trees, surprisingly enough however, logging only contributes to 3% of the grave deforestation situation at hand. Actually, the greatest contributing factor to deforestation is cattle ranching, which accounts for 80% of the Amazons deforestation. So what is deforestation exactly?

Simply put, deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas. The culprit to deforestation is human settlement and development of land. For over a thousand years, we have been deforesting for farms and settlements using a method known as slash and burn. This method is pretty self-explanatory, but just in case, it is cutting down an areas vegetation and left to dry over a certain period so whatever is left over can be easily burned down. At the current rate of deforestation, the Amazon rainforest will be reduced by 40% in the next 2 decades.

The big deal is that the Amazon is an ecosystem that is crucially vital to the stability of the environment of the globe, producing 20% of the Earth’s oxygen. It is also a large source of fresh water. So much so that it’s collapse would affect global ocean currents, changing the climate and weather patterns of the globe. Also keep in mind that the Amazon, as a whole, stores about 10 times as much carbon as is currently emitted globally per year.

I understand that this might be a lot to soak in, so let’s take a break, and in part two of this report, I’ll discuss with you the how and why Amazonian deforestation in the past 50 years has boomed exponentially with the population of the Earth, as well as the political side of this international crisis.

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References

mongabay.com (September 14, 2009). Social causes of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0914-fearnside_social_amazon.html

Fearnside, P. M. 2008. The roles and movements of actors in the deforestation of Brazilian Amazonia. Ecology and Society 13(1): 23. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss1/art23/

Turner, I.M. 2001. The ecology of trees in the tropical rain forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0521801834

Malhi, Yadvinder; Phillips, Oliver (2005). Tropical Forests & Global Atmospheric Change. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198567065.

www.wikipedia.com

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